The _____________ route is not a portal route of entry of a pathogen per se, but rather a way of circumventing the usual portals.

The _____________ route is not a portal route of entry of a pathogen per se, but rather a way of circumventing the usual portals.

Answer: parenteral

The study of the cause of the and where disease occur is known as ___________.

The study of the cause of the and where disease occur is known as ___________.

Answer: epidemiology

In 2% of pregnancies, pathogens cross the _______ and infect the embryo or fetus.

In 2% of pregnancies, pathogens cross the _______ and infect the embryo or fetus.

Answer: placenta

The study of the cause of disease is known as ______________.

The study of the cause of disease is known as ______________.

Answer: etiology

The hepatitis C virus normally establishes a(n) ___________ infection and may be asymptomatic for a decade.

The hepatitis C virus normally establishes a(n) ___________ infection and may be asymptomatic for a decade.

Answer: latent

Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of ______ contact transmission.

Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of ______ contact transmission.

Answer: indirect

_______ not only transmit pathogens, but also serve as hosts for the multiplication of the pathogen during some phase pf the pathogens life cycle.

_______ not only transmit pathogens, but also serve as hosts for the multiplication of the pathogen during some phase pf the pathogens life cycle.

Answer: biological vectors

The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater. As a consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve ___________ reservoirs.

The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater. As a consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve ___________ reservoirs.

Answer: non-living

The _________ period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease.

The _________ period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease.

Answer: incubation

Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system. This situation is an example of ____________.

Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system. This situation is an example of ____________.

Answer: commensalism

_______ is an endotoxin that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation.

_______ is an endotoxin that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation.

Answer: lipid A

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are known as ___________.

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are known as ___________.

Answer: zoonoses

________ interfere with the nerve functions of the host

________ interfere with the nerve functions of the host

Answer: neurotoxins

Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as

Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as

Answer: axenic

E. Coli in the colon is an example of ______________

E. Coli in the colon is an example of ______________

Answer: resident microbiota

_________ are toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.

_________ are toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer: enterotoxins

An animal virus that does not have an envelope is described as a(n) ________ virion.

An animal virus that does not have an envelope is described as a(n) ________ virion.

Answer: naked

Three ________ represent the highest level of taxonomic rank used in classifying viruses.

Three ________ represent the highest level of taxonomic rank used in classifying viruses.

Answer: orders

A(n) __________ is a clear zone on a bacterial lawn where cells have been killed by the activity of a bacteriophage.

A(n) __________ is a clear zone on a bacterial lawn where cells have been killed by the activity of a bacteriophage.

Answer: plaque

__________, genes that play a role in a proper cell division, may also play a role in some types of cancer.

__________, genes that play a role in a proper cell division, may also play a role in some types of cancer.

Answer: protooncogens