Immunization with ___________ vaccines result in primarily an antibody-mediated immune response.
Answer: inactivated
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Biology
- The _____________ route is not a portal route of entry of a pathogen per se, but rather a way of circumventing the usual portals.
- The study of the cause of the and where disease occur is known as ___________.
- In 2% of pregnancies, pathogens cross the _______ and infect the embryo or fetus.
- The study of the cause of disease is known as ______________.
- The hepatitis C virus normally establishes a(n) ___________ infection and may be asymptomatic for a decade.
- Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of ______ contact transmission.
- _______ not only transmit pathogens, but also serve as hosts for the multiplication of the pathogen during some phase pf the pathogens life cycle.
- The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater. As a consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve ___________ reservoirs.
- The _________ period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease.
- Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system. This situation is an example of ____________.
- _______ is an endotoxin that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation.
- Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are known as ___________.
- ________ interfere with the nerve functions of the host
- Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as
- E. Coli in the colon is an example of ______________
- _________ are toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
- An animal virus that does not have an envelope is described as a(n) ________ virion.
- Three ________ represent the highest level of taxonomic rank used in classifying viruses.
- A(n) __________ is a clear zone on a bacterial lawn where cells have been killed by the activity of a bacteriophage.
- __________, genes that play a role in a proper cell division, may also play a role in some types of cancer.
- In enveloped viruses, virus-encoded ___________ proteins are required for the assembly of the envelope around the capsid.
- RNA viruses such as HIV require the activity of ________ to become proviruses.
- ________ RNA is viral single-stranded RNA that can act directly as mRNA.
- ________ is the process in which viral capsids are removed within the infected cell.
- Another term for a lysogenic phage is a ___________ phage.
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