The ___________ vein continues as the external iliac vein.
Answer: femoral
The ___________ vein continues as the external iliac vein.
Answer: femoral
Answer: femoral
A ductless gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream is considered to be a(n) ________ gland.
A ductless gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream is considered to be a(n) ________ gland.
Answer: endocrine
A gland that delivers its secretion through a duct is termed a(n) ________ gland.
A gland that delivers its secretion through a duct is termed a(n) ________ gland.
Answer: exocrine
The superior and middle region of the abdomen is called the ________ region.
The superior and middle region of the abdomen is called the ________ region.
Answer: epigastric
A disease that may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between individuals by an infectious agent is deemed to be ______.
A disease that may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between individuals by an infectious agent is deemed to be ______.
Answer: communicable
Bleeding from the nose is called ___________.
Bleeding from the nose is called ___________.
Answer: epistaxis
Subjective indications of the presence of disease are called _____.
Subjective indications of the presence of disease are called _____.
Answer: symptoms
Blood in sputum is termed _________.
Blood in sputum is termed _________.
Answer: hemoptysis
Generalized edema in subcutaneous tissue is called ______.
Generalized edema in subcutaneous tissue is called ______.
Answer: anasarca
Chemicals that will reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enable it to flow through smaller apertures are called ___________.
Chemicals that will reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enable it to flow through smaller apertures are called ___________.
Answer: surfactants
The passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules but it is permeable to the solvent is called _____.
The passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules but it is permeable to the solvent is called _____.
Answer: osmosis
A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution is called the _________.
A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution is called the _________.
Answer: solute
A chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water is called ______.
A chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water is called ______.
Answer: hydrolysis
A physical change of state during which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas is called _________.
A physical change of state during which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas is called _________.
Answer: sublimation
Rod-shaped bacteria are termed _____.
Rod-shaped bacteria are termed _____.
Answer: bacilli
The state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects describes ______.
The state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects describes ______.
Answer: infection
Bacteria that prefer moderate temperatures and develop best at temperatures between 25 degrees and 40 degrees C are called _____.
Bacteria that prefer moderate temperatures and develop best at temperatures between 25 degrees and 40 degrees C are called _____.
Answer: mesophile
The branch of science concerned with the study of fungi is called _____.
The branch of science concerned with the study of fungi is called _____.
Answer: mycology
A group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous is called ______.
A group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous is called ______.
Answer: fungus
The study of vessels of the body is called _________.
The study of vessels of the body is called _________.
Answer: angiology
The ______ convey urine from the kidney to the bladder.
The ______ convey urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Answer: ureters
The artery that is the continuation of the external iliac is the _________ artery.
The artery that is the continuation of the external iliac is the _________ artery.
Answer: femoral
The esophagus is part of the ______ system.
The esophagus is part of the ______ system.
Answer: digestive
A term pertaining to the side of the body, or away from the median plane is ________.
A term pertaining to the side of the body, or away from the median plane is ________.
Answer: lateral
Between ____ to _____ million youngsters are not ________ by their parents after school.
Between ____ to _____ million youngsters are not ________ by their parents after school.
Answer: 2; 6; supervised
Adults who have __________ demands of young people most often help them perform their best ability.
Adults who have __________ demands of young people most often help them perform their best ability.
Answer: Realistic
Certain types of stress in _________ levels can be _________ to development in adolescence.
Certain types of stress in _________ levels can be _________ to development in adolescence.
Answer: Moderate; productive
Stress is not inherently _______
Stress is not inherently _______
Answer: Bad
Unlike some adults, many adolescents cannot _________ their feelings of stress. Therefore, parents and professionals need to be able to ________ the _____________of unhealthy levels of adolescent stress.
Unlike some adults, many adolescents cannot _________ their feelings of stress. Therefore, parents and professionals need to be able to ________ the _____________of unhealthy levels of adolescent stress.
Answer: Articulate; observe; outward manifestations
By trolling ____________, the average child is exposed to and internalizes large quantities of _______ daily.
By trolling ____________, the average child is exposed to and internalizes large quantities of _______ daily.
Answer: Social media; trauma
Most youth do not experience all stress producing _______ personally at the same time.
Most youth do not experience all stress producing _______ personally at the same time.
Answer: Traumas
We don't know all the ways to mediate these shifts in the HPA axis, but it seems to contribute to increased vulnerability to _________, _________, and _______ use.
We don't know all the ways to mediate these shifts in the HPA axis, but it seems to contribute to increased vulnerability to _________, _________, and _______ use.
Answer: anxiety; depression; drug
The HPA axis makes thing that feel good feel ________, things that hurt hurt __________, things that stress stress __________.
The HPA axis makes thing that feel good feel ________, things that hurt hurt __________, things that stress stress __________.
Answer: Better; worse; worse
HPA stands for ___________
HPA stands for ___________
Answer: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
Adolescence marks a significant shift in the ________ axis.
Adolescence marks a significant shift in the ________ axis.
Answer: HPA
Stress is a __________ that you cannot _______ with all the things on your plate.
Stress is a __________ that you cannot _______ with all the things on your plate.
Answer: Feeling; cope
Stress is the _________ that you are unable to meet the ________ of life.
Stress is the _________ that you are unable to meet the ________ of life.
Answer: Perception; demands
Stress if defined in __________ terms and _________ in many ways.
Stress if defined in __________ terms and _________ in many ways.
Answer: Psychological; manifest
Many adolescents need help ________, __________, and _________ with stress.
Many adolescents need help ________, __________, and _________ with stress.
Answer: Recognizing; articulating; dealing
Types of stressors and our way of handling those stressors change with ______.
Types of stressors and our way of handling those stressors change with ______.
Answer: Age
Stress is an _________ part of life and a part of growing to _________.
Stress is an _________ part of life and a part of growing to _________.
Answer: Inevitable; maturity
Hyper-vigilant parents or teachers can harm the __________ of a young person by __________ stress that isn't necessarily __________.
Hyper-vigilant parents or teachers can harm the __________ of a young person by __________ stress that isn't necessarily __________.
Answer: development; removing; maladapative
We need to provide __________ down time for teenagers where they can _______ and _____-_______ to help them become more capable of dealing with stress.
We need to provide __________ down time for teenagers where they can _______ and _____-_______ to help them become more capable of dealing with stress.
Answer: Unstructured; think; self-evaluate
Some adults are guilt of ___________ young people so they can get a feel for the real life. This is ________ to young people.
Some adults are guilt of ___________ young people so they can get a feel for the real life. This is ________ to young people.
Answer: Purposefully stressing out; confusing
There is no __________ _______ for determining how much stress is ________ ________ stress for a young person who is not capable of articulating feelings.
There is no __________ _______ for determining how much stress is ________ ________ stress for a young person who is not capable of articulating feelings.
Answer: Universal law; too much
Our challenge is to _______ stress in adolescents before any ________ is done. Unfortunately, all teenagers are not the _______.
Our challenge is to _______ stress in adolescents before any ________ is done. Unfortunately, all teenagers are not the _______.
Answer: Identify; damage; same
David Elkind argued that modern culture _________ some __________.
David Elkind argued that modern culture _________ some __________.
Answer: Fosters; stressors
Maladaptive stress is potentially more _________ of young people, because adolescents are not able to _________ _________.
Maladaptive stress is potentially more _________ of young people, because adolescents are not able to _________ _________.
Answer: problematic; articulate feelings
Maladaptive Stress is the perception that you are _______ to meet the everyday ______ of life.
Maladaptive Stress is the perception that you are _______ to meet the everyday ______ of life.
Answer: unable; demands
The real problem for most young people is not _____ per se, but certain types of ________ ______.
The real problem for most young people is not _____ per se, but certain types of ________ ______.
Answer: Stress; maladaptive stress
There is a general _________ of stress in adolescence by the adolescents, their parents, and by popular media.
There is a general _________ of stress in adolescence by the adolescents, their parents, and by popular media.
Answer: Exaggeration
The internet may have ___________ sometimes frequented by _________________ seeking to victimize children and adolescents.
The internet may have ___________ sometimes frequented by _________________ seeking to victimize children and adolescents.
Answer: chat rooms; sexual predators
The internet may influence academic ________ via downloading or purchasing ____________ papers.
The internet may influence academic ________ via downloading or purchasing ____________ papers.
Answer: Cheating; pre-written
The internet can promote social __________ (________ effect)
The internet can promote social __________ (________ effect)
Answer: isolation; displacement
Discussion of sexual ________ RARELY takes place in media.
Discussion of sexual ________ RARELY takes place in media.
Answer: Risk
_______, and ________ are the most popular online platforms among teens.
_______, and ________ are the most popular online platforms among teens.
Answer: Youtube, instagram, snapchat
The internet gives us access to __________ with the potential to enhance __________.
The internet gives us access to __________ with the potential to enhance __________.
Answer: Information; education
The internet can be a source of positive _____________, providing opportunities to practice _________ and engage in "________ play", and finding answers to problems adolescents may be facing.
The internet can be a source of positive _____________, providing opportunities to practice _________ and engage in "________ play", and finding answers to problems adolescents may be facing.
Answer: social interactions; communication; identity
The number of sexual scenes on TV has _________ in the last decade.
The number of sexual scenes on TV has _________ in the last decade.
Answer: Doubled
Teens prefer shows with ________ content.
Teens prefer shows with ________ content.
Answer: Sexual
TV portrays sexual behavior between partners without established _________ as most common.
TV portrays sexual behavior between partners without established _________ as most common.
Answer: Relationship
_____ and _________ in TV was less frequent, but has increased in recent years.
_____ and _________ in TV was less frequent, but has increased in recent years.
Answer: Intercourse; nudity
Iconic skills are ______ representation or the ability to read _______, such as _______ and ________
Iconic skills are ______ representation or the ability to read _______, such as _______ and ________
Answer: Analog; images; pictures; diagrams
Visual attention is the skill of _________ of a lot of different things at the same time.
Visual attention is the skill of _________ _______ of a lot of different things at the same time.
Answer: Keeping track
TV portray males as preoccupied with _____, always "______ and _______", and a _________ attitude toward sex.
TV portray males as preoccupied with _____, always "______ and _______", and a _________ attitude toward sex.
Answer: sex; ready; willing; recreational
TV portrays females as valuing men mainly for ___________ and ________ and with a _________ attitude toward sex.
TV portrays females as valuing men mainly for ___________ and ________ and with a _________ attitude toward sex.
Answer: physical appearance; wealth; status; recreational
Males aged _____ to ______ play the most video games.
Males aged _____ to ______ play the most video games.
Answer: 15; 25
1960-1990 saw a rise in both _______ and ___________.
1960-1990 saw a rise in both _______ and ___________.
Answer: Violent crimes; violent television programming
1990-2010 saw ________ in violent crimes and marked _______ in violent video games.
1990-2010 saw ________ in violent crimes and marked _______ in violent video games.
Answer: stability; increase
Most of the research on the issue of violent media is ____________ (fails to demonstrate ________)
Most of the research on the issue of violent media is ____________ (fails to demonstrate ________)
Answer: correlational; causation
Many field studies have been conducted to address the question: does watching _________ cause adolescent to become more ________ or are adolescents who are more ________ more likely to enjoy watching ________?
Many field studies have been conducted to address the question: does watching _________ cause adolescent to become more ________ or are adolescents who are more ________ more likely to enjoy watching ________?
Answer: Violence; aggressive; aggressive; violence
Spatial Representation is mental ________, spatial ________, and the ability to deal with _______-___________ images of a hypothetical _____ or _______-_____________ space.
Spatial Representation is mental ________, spatial ________, and the ability to deal with _______-___________ images of a hypothetical _____ or _______-_____________ space.
Answer: rotation; visualization; two-dimensional; two; three-dimensional
Media socialization "_________" of other socializing adults.
Media socialization "_________" of other socializing adults.
Answer: goes over the heads
It is important to note, not all of the media used by adolescents are ________ to the ______ and ________ of adult society. Much of it, in face, is quite ________.
It is important to note, not all of the media used by adolescents are ________ to the ______ and ________ of adult society. Much of it, in face, is quite ________.
Answer: Contrary; aims; principles; conservative
A _________ Alaskan night. So _______, you can barely hear a ________ snap!
A _________ Alaskan night. So _______, you can barely hear a ________ snap!
Answer: Tranquil; quiet; neck
A great deal of research attention has focused on the extent to which television/video games __________ in young people.
A great deal of research attention has focused on the extent to which television/video games __________ in young people.
Answer: Provokes violence
A majority of __________ crimes are committed by males aged ______ to _______.
A majority of __________ crimes are committed by males aged ______ to _______.
Answer: Violent; 15; 25
Explosion in technology has transformed the cultural environment in terms of ________ and ________ of media (smart phones)
Explosion in technology has transformed the cultural environment in terms of ________ and ________ of media (smart phones)
Answer: Availability; diversity
Adolescents draw _________ from media that contribute to their _________.
Adolescents draw _________ from media that contribute to their _________.
Answer: Materials; socialization
Media represents a __________ influence.
Media represents a __________ influence.
Answer: broad socialization
Media are ________-driven. Providers will provide adolescents with what they _______ adolescents ________.
Media are ________-driven. Providers will provide adolescents with what they _______ adolescents ________.
Answer: Market; believe; want
Except ________ all of the uses of media outlined are _______.
Except ________ all of the uses of media outlined are _______.
Answer: Entertainment; developmental
______ of American youth have cable/satellite TV.
______ of American youth have cable/satellite TV.
Answer: 75%
_____ of American youth own a video gaming system.
_____ of American youth own a video gaming system.
Answer: 67%
The displacement effect is the extent to which ________ use takes _______ away from other _________.
The displacement effect is the extent to which ________ use takes _______ away from other _________.
Answer: media; times; activities
The cultivation theory argues that watching TV gradually ________ or ________ a person's ________ so it becomes like the ________ frequently depicted on TV.
The cultivation theory argues that watching TV gradually ________ or ________ a person's ________ so it becomes like the ________ frequently depicted on TV.
Answer: shapes; cultivates; worldview; worldview
Social Cognitive Theory argues that people are more likely to _________ behavior they see frequently modeled, in the media, especially if that behavior is _______ (or at least not ________)
Social Cognitive Theory argues that people are more likely to _________ behavior they see frequently modeled, in the media, especially if that behavior is _______ (or at least not ________)
Answer: imitate; rewarded; punished
_____ of American youth go to a movie at least once a month.
_____ of American youth go to a movie at least once a month.
Answer: 50%
_____ of girls read popular magazines.
_____ of girls read popular magazines.
Answer: 70%
____ of American youth have access to computers.
____ of American youth have access to computers.
Answer: 75%
______ of American youth have access to the internet.
______ of American youth have access to the internet.
Answer: 50%
______ of American Youth have TV with over ______ in bedrom.
______ of American Youth have TV with over ______ in bedrom.
Answer: 99%; 50%
Nicholas Car argued that the internet is changing the way we _______, _______, and ________ the world around us.
Nicholas Car argued that the internet is changing the way we _______, _______, and ________ the world around us.
Answer: read; think; remember
Effects on media on youth are potentially _________.
Effects on media on youth are potentially _________.
Answer: Profound
Tracing the effects of media is __________.
Tracing the effects of media is __________.
Answer: Complex
American youth listen to music _____ hours/day
American youth listen to music _____ hours/day
Answer: Four
American youth watch TV _______ hours/day
American youth watch TV _______ hours/day
Answer: Two
Jane Healy argued that media compromises children's ability to _________ and to ________ and _______ information.
Jane Healy argued that media compromises children's ability to _________ and to ________ and _______ information.
Answer: Concentrate; absorb; analyze
Jane Healy blamed _________ __________ for making it impossible for kids to _____ unless the _______ would ________ around them.
Jane Healy blamed _________ __________ for making it impossible for kids to _____ unless the _______ would ________ around them.
Answer: Sesame Streat; read; letters; danced
Adolescents migrate to media that is imagined, produced, and consumed by _________ rather than entertainment funneled to them by ________.
Adolescents migrate to media that is imagined, produced, and consumed by _________ rather than entertainment funneled to them by ________.
Answer: Peers; adults
One argument is that media serves only as a _________ for ____________. Technology is _________ _________. Media itself plays no ___________ role.
One argument is that media serves only as a _________ for ____________. Technology is _________ _________. Media itself plays no ___________ role.
Answer: Tool; development; value neutral; developmental.
Another argument is that media has __________ effects on all facets of ___________.
Another argument is that media has __________ effects on all facets of ___________.
Answer: Profound; development
Marshall McLuhan argued that ___________ media will replace ________ as the main ________ on our _______ and ________.
Marshall McLuhan argued that ___________ media will replace ________ as the main ________ on our _______ and ________.
Answer: electronic; text; influence; thoughts; senses
The average adolescent engages in as much as _______ hours of media consumption a day.
The average adolescent engages in as much as _______ hours of media consumption a day.
Answer: Eight
Media preference follows a ________ pattern.
Media preference follows a ________ pattern.
Answer: Developmental
Younger adolescents favor ___________
Younger adolescents favor ___________
Answer: Television
Older adolescents favor ______, ________ steaming, and ________ __________ outlets.
Older adolescents favor ______, ________ steaming, and ________ __________ outlets.
Answer: Music; video; social media
Teach young people the difference between ______ and ________.
Teach young people the difference between ______ and ________.
Answer: tattling; reporting
Exclusion is _________ excluding someone from an on-line group, like a "buddy list"
Exclusion is _________ excluding someone from an on-line group, like a "buddy list"
Answer: Intentionally
Cyber bullying generally starts around ______ years of age and terminates after ______ years of age.
Cyber bullying generally starts around ______ years of age and terminates after ______ years of age.
Answer: 9; 14
Cyber bullying stops at ____ because after ______ it becomes a more serious _________ _______ of cyber or sexual _________.
Cyber bullying stops at ____ because after ______ it becomes a more serious _________ _______ of cyber or sexual _________.
Answer: 14; criminal charge; harassment
___ of middle school students indicate they have been bullied online.
___ of middle school students indicate they have been bullied online.
Answer: 90%
____ of middle school students have seen or heard of a website bashing another student.
____ of middle school students have seen or heard of a website bashing another student.
Answer: 50%
Harassment is repeatedly sending ________, _________, and ________ messages.
Harassment is repeatedly sending ________, _________, and ________ messages.
Answer: offensive; rude; insulting
Cyber stalking is repeatedly sending messages that include _______ of _______ or are highly _________. Engaging in other on-line activities that make a person _______ for his or her own ________.
Cyber stalking is repeatedly sending messages that include _______ of _______ or are highly _________. Engaging in other on-line activities that make a person _______ for his or her own ________.
Answer: threats; harm; intimidating; afraid; safety
Impersonation is __________ to be someone else and sending or posting material online that makes that person look ______, gets that person in _________ or _______, or damages that person's _______ or _________.
Impersonation is __________ to be someone else and sending or posting material online that makes that person look ______, gets that person in _________ or _______, or damages that person's _______ or _________.
Answer: pretending; bad; trouble; danger; reputation; friendships
Outing and trickery is sharing someone's ________ or __________ information online or tricking someone into revealing _______ or ________ information which is then shared online.
Outing and trickery is sharing someone's ________ or __________ information online or tricking someone into revealing _______ or ________ information which is then shared online.
Answer: secret; embarrassing
Cyber bullying is being cruel to others by __________ or _________ harmful material using __________ means.
Cyber bullying is being cruel to others by __________ or _________ harmful material using __________ means.
Answer: Sending; posting; technological
Bullying is ________, occurs on ________ property, the bullies usually have ________ relationships with teachers, and have fear of _________.
Bullying is ________, occurs on ________ property, the bullies usually have ________ relationships with teachers, and have fear of _________.
Answer: Direct; school; poor; retribution
Cyber bullying is _______, occurs ____ school property, the bullies usually have ________ relationships with teachers, fear the loss of _________ privileges, are further under the ________ than bullying, and the ________ reactions cannot be determined.
Cyber bullying is _______, occurs ____ school property, the bullies usually have ________ relationships with teachers, fear the loss of _________ privileges, are further under the ________ than bullying, and the ________ reactions cannot be determined.
Answer: anonymous; off; good; technology; radar; emotional
Flaming is an online _______ using electronic message with ________ and _______ language.
Flaming is an online _______ using electronic message with ________ and _______ language.
Answer: fight; angry; vulgar
Relational bullying is _________ bullying.
Relational bullying is _________ bullying.
Answer: Indirect
Centuries ago, bully means a ______, ______ member, or _______ _________.
Centuries ago, bully means a ______, ______ member, or _______ _________.
Answer: Friend; family; sweet heart
Today, bullying means behavior that is ________, _______, and ________ by one or more persons.
Today, bullying means behavior that is ________, _______, and ________ by one or more persons.
Answer: Intentional; hurtful; repeated
Bullied children are _______, _______, and ______ verbally or physically.
Bullied children are _______, _______, and ______ verbally or physically.
Answer: Teased; harassed; assaulted
____ of US students in graded 6-12 experienced bullying.
____ of US students in graded 6-12 experienced bullying.
Answer: 28%
Utah has almost ____________ victims.
Utah has almost ____________ victims.
Answer: 40,000
Physical and verbal bullying is __________ bullying.
Physical and verbal bullying is __________ bullying.
Answer: Direct
Bully used to mean the ______ of what it means today.
Bully used to mean the ______ of what it means today.
Answer: Opposite
Ethnic minority students who feel __________ have ________ academic achievement.
Ethnic minority students who feel __________ have ________ academic achievement.
Answer: Underprivileged; lower
________ students from westernized countries do _______ across the board. ________ males tend to do the ________.
________ students from westernized countries do _______ across the board. ________ males tend to do the ________.
Answer: Asian; better; Latino; worse
Those families that present a _________ environment that cultivates _________ awareness without _________ ________ have the highest achieving children.
Those families that present a _________ environment that cultivates _________ awareness without _________ ________ have the highest achieving children.
Answer: supportive; academic; extrinsic rewards
The level of _________ of parents __________ correlates with ________ achievement.
The level of _________ of parents __________ correlates with ________ achievement.
Answer: schooling; positively; academic
_____ achieving friends have a ________ impact on ______ achieving friends.
_____ achieving friends have a ________ impact on ______ achieving friends.
Answer: High; positive; low
Low achieving friends don't have an impact on high achieving friends except when the adolescent has a high _______ _________ with the potential to perform _______ on_________.
Low achieving friends don't have an impact on high achieving friends except when the adolescent has a high _______ _________ with the potential to perform _______ on_________.
Answer: Peer orientation; poorly; purpose
Higher _______ correlates with better educational _______.
Higher _______ correlates with better educational _______.
Answer: SES; attainment
Beware of ___________! Higher _____ correlates with higher IQ, education, geographic access to school, authoritative parenting style. etc.
Beware of ___________! Higher _____ correlates with higher IQ, education, geographic access to school, authoritative parenting style. etc.
Answer: Covariance; SES
Someone who has a mastery orientation focuses on the ________ rather than their ______, have positive _______, and generate ________-oriented _______ that improve their ___________.
Someone who has a mastery orientation focuses on the ________ rather than their ______, have positive _______, and generate ________-oriented _______ that improve their ___________.
Answer: task; ability; effect; solution; strategies; performance
Someone who has a helpless orientation focuses on their personal ___________, attribute ______ to lack of ________, and display ________ effect.
Someone who has a helpless orientation focuses on their personal ___________, attribute ______ to lack of ________, and display ________ effect.
Answer: inadequacies; difficult; ability; negative
Someone who has a performance orientation is concerned with __________ rather than ___________ is what matters.
Someone who has a performance orientation is concerned with __________ rather than ___________ is what matters.
Answer: performance outcome; performance process; winning
Much more research has been conducted on why adolescent ________ do less well than adolescent _______ in ________ and ________ than on why ______ generally do worse than _______ on virtually every other measure of __________ achievement.
Much more research has been conducted on why adolescent ________ do less well than adolescent _______ in ________ and ________ than on why ______ generally do worse than _______ on virtually every other measure of __________ achievement.
Answer: girls; boys; math; science; boys; girls; academic
What makes achievement in adolescence important? School ________ and _________ take shape in ___________ education. _________ and ________ _________ matter.
What makes achievement in adolescence important? School ________ and _________ take shape in ___________ education. _________ and ________ _________ matter.
Answer: Performance; achievement; secondary; grades; test scores
What makes achievement in adolescence important? __________ grouping takes on _________ and _________ in secondary education. (____ classes)
What makes achievement in adolescence important? __________ grouping takes on _________ and _________ in secondary education. (____ classes)
Answer: Ability; meaning; consequence; AP
What makes achievement in adolescence important? _________ capacity - in adolescence, individuals being to have the ability to see the "________ _______" and _______ _______ consequences of ______.
What makes achievement in adolescence important? _________ capacity - in adolescence, individuals being to have the ability to see the "________ _______" and _______ _______ consequences of ______.
Answer: Cognitive; bigger picture; long term; choice
Attribution theory explores how individuals "attribute" _________ to ________ and how this cognitive _________ affects _________.
Attribution theory explores how individuals "attribute" _________ to ________ and how this cognitive _________ affects _________.
Answer: causes; events; perception; motivation
In attribution theory, individuals are motivated to discover the ___________ _______ of their own ________ or ________.
In attribution theory, individuals are motivated to discover the ___________ _______ of their own ________ or ________.
Answer: underlying causes; behavior; performance
What makes achievement in adolescence important? Society sees adolescence as the ______ to ______ (start _________) for ________ _________.
What makes achievement in adolescence important?
Society sees adolescence as the ______ to ______ (start _________) for ________ _________.
Answer: time; prepare; preparing; real world
Multisystemic Approach gives the idea that the whole system is __________ and needs _________.
Multisystemic Approach gives the idea that the whole system is __________ and needs _________.
Answer: Dysfunctional; attention
_______ delinquents are the most difficult to treat.
_______ delinquents are the most difficult to treat.
Answer: Characterological
Parents and juvenile systems tend to look the other way repeatedly before they _______________ the existence of a ____________.
Parents and juvenile systems tend to look the other way repeatedly before they _______________ the existence of a ____________.
Answer: Existence; problem
The best approach depends on ______.
The best approach depends on ______.
Answer: Who you ask
Some research shows that most approaches have ________ results for most young people (_________ to slightly _________)
Some research shows that most approaches have ________ results for most young people (_________ to slightly _________)
Answer: Similar; fair; good
Adolescents are not _________. They are _______ individuals.
Adolescents are not _________. They are _______ individuals.
Answer: Cattle; unique
Not just proclaim diversity awareness - "Why can't we all just get along?" sells diversity ________. It plays to a ________ culture bias. We need to get beyond that idea and begin to embrace elements of _______ that ________.
Not just proclaim diversity awareness - "Why can't we all just get along?" sells diversity ________. It plays to a ________ culture bias. We need to get beyond that idea and begin to embrace elements of _______ that ________.
Answer: short; majority; culture; benefit
Socialized delinquents are traditionally _________.
Socialized delinquents are traditionally _________.
Answer: Gang members
Shoplifters, joy riders, and vandals are examples of __________ delinquents.
Shoplifters, joy riders, and vandals are examples of __________ delinquents.
Answer: Neurotic
Socialized delinquents participate in delinquent behavior as a __________ part of life.
Socialized delinquents participate in delinquent behavior as a __________ part of life.
Answer: normal
The gateway drug hypothesis is where some people indicate that if adolescents could be prevented from using ______ and ________, they would be less likely to use marijuana and hard drugs.
The gateway drug hypothesis is where some people indicate that if adolescents could be prevented from using ______ and ________, they would be less likely to use marijuana and hard drugs.
Answer: Alcohol; cigarettes
Kids turn to drugs, because most agreed upon assumption involves a "___________"
Kids turn to drugs, because most agreed upon assumption involves a "___________"
Answer: Cascading Variable Hypothesis
Storm and Stress has been over __________.
Storm and Stress has been over __________.
Answer: Dramatized
Nature and Nurture are not ____________
Nature and Nurture are not ____________
Answer: Diametrically opposed
Continuity and Discontinuity can __________ in the same _________
Continuity and Discontinuity can __________ in the same _________
Answer: Live together; theory
Running From adolescents are avoiding a ________ situation.
Running From adolescents are avoiding a ________ situation.
Answer: negative
Stay Aways are ________ children.
Stay Aways are ________ children.
Answer: Street
Adolescent substance use became a target of a deal of _________ attention, public _________ programs, and ______ in the 1980s and beyond.
Adolescent substance use became a target of a deal of _________ attention, public _________ programs, and ______ in the 1980s and beyond.
Answer: political; policy; research
The higher levels of drug use occurs during age when _________ socializing is most prevalent.
The higher levels of drug use occurs during age when _________ socializing is most prevalent.
Answer: Unstructured
_____ is the number one drug.
_____ is the number one drug.
Answer: Alochol
About _____ of runaway adolescents are "___________" - their parents have forced them to leave.
About _____ of runaway adolescents are "___________" - their parents have forced them to leave
Answer: 1/4; throwaways
Adolescents who run away from home have often experienced ______ ________ with their parents.
Adolescents who run away from home have often experienced ______ ________ with their parents.
Answer: High conflict
Many runaways have experienced ______ or ________ abuse.
Many runaways have experienced ______ or ________ abuse.
Answer: Physical; sexual
Adolescents who run away tend to be highly _______ to _________.
Adolescents who run away tend to be highly _______ to _________.
Answer: Vulnerable; exploitation
Running To adolescents are chasing _______ and ________. These have a greater chance of ______ and less long term effects.
Running To adolescents are chasing _______ and ________. These have a greater chance of ______ and less long term effects.
Answer: Experience; excitement; brevity
Natural cessation means that _____ makes _______ or most delinquents ______ when they get ________.
Natural cessation means that _____ makes _______ or most delinquents ______ when they get ________.
Answer: age; wise; stop; older
The ___________ approach to preventing crime and delinquency has been met with some _________.
The ___________ approach to preventing crime and delinquency has been met with some _________.
Answer: Multisystemic approach
MST includes _______ training, ______ training, _______ counseling, development of _________ activities, and ______ - directing the _______ of delinquents in _______ directions.
MST includes _______ training, ______ training, _______ counseling, development of _________ activities, and ______ - directing the _______ of delinquents in _______ directions.
Answer: parent; job; vocational; neighborhood; centers; energy; positive
About ___ _______ adolescents run away from home each year in the US
About ___ _______ adolescents run away from home each year in the US
Answer: 1 million
Psychopathic or antisocial personality disorder likelihood and seriousness is increased if ___________
Psychopathic or antisocial personality disorder likelihood and seriousness is increased if ___________
Answer: Prepubertal
Neurotic behavior sometimes stops just by making an ____________. Otherwise, one needs to identify the ______________ helps.
Neurotic behavior sometimes stops just by making an ____________. Otherwise, one needs to identify the ______________ helps.
Answer: appointment; underlying problem; psychotherapy
Socialized delinquency is more ________ to treat. They are neither ________ nor ________ to traditional psychotherapy. Maybe teach them a "_______".
Socialized delinquency is more ________ to treat. They are neither ________ nor ________ to traditional psychotherapy. Maybe teach them a "_______".
Answer: Difficult; interested; responsive; skill
Characterological delinquency usually requires ________ as the only option for treatment.
Characterological delinquency usually requires ________ as the only option for treatment.
Answer: Institutionalization
Neurotic delinquency are illegal acts committed by an _________ effort to _________ some specific unmet ________ need.
Neurotic delinquency are illegal acts committed by an _________ effort to _________ some specific unmet ________ need.
Answer: individual; communicate; psychological
Psychopathic or Antisocial Personality Disorder is an underdeveloped ________ and an inability to _______ with other people.
Psychopathic or Antisocial Personality Disorder is an underdeveloped ________ and an inability to _______ with other people.
Answer: Conscience; identify
Delinquency is acts against _______. Breaking the ______.
Delinquency is acts against _______. Breaking the ______.
Answer: Society; law
Males are _____ and a half times more likely to commit crimes, and be arrested for crimes.
Males are _____ and a half times more likely to commit crimes, and be arrested for crimes.
Answer: 3
Status offenses are acts which are ______ only by virtue of the person's ______.
Status offenses are acts which are ______ only by virtue of the person's ______.
Answer: Illegal; age
Juvenile delinquents are a _________ group of young people who engage in ________ acts.
Juvenile delinquents are a _________ group of young people who engage in ________ acts.
Answer: Heterogenous; delinquent
Socialized delinquency is ___________ well adjusted members of a delinquent ________ that endorses antisocial standards of conduct.
Socialized delinquency is ___________ well adjusted members of a delinquent ________ that endorses antisocial standards of conduct.
Answer: Psychologically; subculture
Characterological delinquency is __________ irresponsible, aggressive, and inconsiderate illegal _______ that reflects an essentially ________ personality orientation; usually associated with _________ personality.
Characterological delinquency is __________ irresponsible, aggressive, and inconsiderate illegal _______ that reflects an essentially ________ personality orientation; usually associated with _________ personality.
Answer: chronically; behavior; asocial; psychopathic
________ is more effective to prevent risky driving. It addresses a variety of ______ ________ and restricts the ________ under which novices can drive.
________ is more effective to prevent risky driving. It addresses a variety of ______ ________ and restricts the ________ under which novices can drive.
Answer: GDL; risk factors; conditions
A learning license requires ________ while driving.
A learning license requires ________ while driving.
Answer: Supervision
A restricted license allows the driver to drive _______, but with _________ designed to reduce crashes.
A restricted license allows the driver to drive _______, but with _________ designed to reduce crashes.
Answer: unsupervised; restrictions
A full license is received _____ year(s) after restricted.
A full license is received _____ year(s) after restricted.
Answer: 1
________ Problems = ________ Behavior = _________ Behavior
________ Problems = ________ Behavior = _________ Behavior
Answer: Externalizing; risk; problem
Highest rates of auto accidents, injuries, and fatalities are highest among _______ aged ______ to _____.
Highest rates of auto accidents, injuries, and fatalities are highest among _______ aged ______ to _____.
Answer: Youth; 16; 24
_____ _________ are the leading cause of death among adolescents ages 16-24
_____ _________ are the leading cause of death among adolescents ages 16-24
Answer: Auto accidents
Risky Driving Prevention Approaches:
Risky Driving Prevention Approaches:
1. Driver _______
2. _________ Driver Licensing (GDL)
Education; graduated
Driver education generally ______ _________ too well.
Driver education generally ___________ too well.
Answer: hasn't worked
Females are ____ to _____ more likely than males to attempt suicide
Females are ____ to _____ more likely than males to attempt suicide
Answer: 2; 3
Males are _____ to ______ more liekly than females to kill themselves.
Males are _____ to ______ more liekly than females to kill themselves.
Answer: 4; 5
Suicide is most likely in ______ to _______ years.
Suicide is most likely in ______ to _______ years.
Answer: 20-24
Suicide rates are higher among __________.
Suicide rates are higher among __________.
Answer: white males
Suicide rates are highest among _________ youth.
Suicide rates are highest among _________ youth.
Answer: Native American
The USA has the highest _______ rate; Canada has the highest ______ rate.
The USA has the highest _______ rate; Canada has the highest ______ rate.
Answer: Homicide; suicide
Suicide is the _______ most common cause of death ages ____ to _____.
Suicide is the _______ most common cause of death ages ____ to _____.
Answer: Third; 15; 19
____ in _____ adolescents have suicidal ideations
____ in _____ adolescents have suicidal ideations
Answer: 1; 3
____ in _______ adolescents attempted suicide.
____ in _______ adolescents attempted suicide.
Answer: 1; 6
Unlike Anorexics, bulimia nervosa occurs within a _______ range, often difficult to detect.
Unlike Anorexics, bulimia nervosa occurs within a _______ range, often difficult to detect.
Answer: Normal weight
Binge Eating Disorder affects ______ of US adults
Binge Eating Disorder affects ______ of US adults
Answer: 2.8%
ED NOS are eating disorders _____________ replaced in the DSM-V with ________/________ food intake disorder, _______ ___________ feeding or eating disorder, and __________ feeding or eating disorder.
ED NOS are eating disorders _____________ replaced in the DSM-V with ________/________ food intake disorder, _______ ___________ feeding or eating disorder, and __________ feeding or eating disorder.
Answer: Not otherwise specified; avoidant; restrictive; other specified; unspecified
Most anorexic cases require _________ as a first step of treatment.
Most anorexic cases require _________ as a first step of treatment.
Answer: Hospitalization
1 in _____ deaths for Anorexia are _______.
1 in _____ deaths for Anorexia are _______.
Answer: 5; suicides
Bulimia Nervosa affects ______ of US Women
Bulimia Nervosa affects ______ of US Women
Answer: 1.5%
Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder where the individual consistently follow a _______-and-_______ pattern.
Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder where the individual consistently follow a _______-and-_______ pattern.
Answer: Binge; purge
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating _____ time(s) per week for ____ months.
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating _____ time(s) per week for ____ months.
Answer: 1; 3
Purging can be done by self-induced _______ or ________ abuse.
Purging can be done by self-induced _______ or ________ abuse.
Answer: Vomiting; laxative
Anorexia Nervosa affects _______ of US women.
Anorexia Nervosa affects _______ of US women.
Answer: 0.9%
Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by ________ body weight below that expected.
Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by ________ body weight below that expected.
Answer: 15%
Amenorrhea is the absense of ______ consecutive _________, but this feature was ________ in DSM-V.
Amenorrhea is the absense of ______ consecutive _________, but this feature was ________ in DSM-V.
Answer: three; menstrual cycles; omitted
Most anorexics are ______ adolescent or young adult _______.
Most anorexics are ______ adolescent or young adult _______.
Answer: White; females
Anorexia affects all _____.
Anorexia affects all _____.
Answer: Races
____ of Schizophrenics "________" - function in society.
____ of Schizophrenics "________" - function in society.
Answer: 25%; recover
______ of Schizophrenics get a _______ ________.
______ of Schizophrenics get a _______ ________.
Answer: 50%; little better
_______ of Schizophrenics have no ________.
_______ of Schizophrenics have no ________.
Answer: 25%; progress
Delusions or hallucinations are called positive symptoms, because they are there but _________ _______.
Delusions or hallucinations are called positive symptoms, because they are there but _________ _______.
Answer: Shouldn't be
Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia refer to things that are __________.
Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia refer to things that are __________.
Answer: Missing
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of ________ through _________.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of ________ through _________.
Answer: Thinness; starvation
Major depressive disorder is an episode that includes ________ or more symptoms during a ______ week period that disrupt __________.
Major depressive disorder is an episode that includes ________ or more symptoms during a ______ week period that disrupt __________.
Answer: five; two; functioning
Major depressive disorder occurs more in _______.
Major depressive disorder occurs more in _______.
Answer: females
Schizophrenia occurs in _______ of population.
Schizophrenia occurs in _______ of population.
Answer: 1%
_______ of Schizophrenia diagnoses are before ______ years of age.
_______ of Schizophrenia diagnoses are before ______ years of age.
Answer: 70%; 25
Externalizing behaviors tend to ______ ________, are more common among _______, and are often motivated by desire for ________, not necessarily underlying _______ or _________.
Externalizing behaviors tend to ______ ________, are more common among _______, and are often motivated by desire for ________, not necessarily underlying _______ or _________.
Answer: go together; males; excitement; unhappiness; psychopathology
A person that fights is more likely to commit other ________.
A person that fights is more likely to commit other ________.
Answer: crimes
Depression is a __________ disorder.
Depression is a __________ disorder.
Answer: Affective
Depression is an __________ period of ___________.
Depression is an __________ period of ___________.
Answer: Enduring; sadness
Depressed mood is enduring period of sadness without any ___________ symptoms.
Depressed mood is enduring period of sadness without any ___________ symptoms.
Answer: Related
Depressive syndrome is the addition of ___________ such as frequent crying, feeling guilty, lonely, or worried.
Depressive syndrome is the addition of ___________ such as frequent crying, feeling guilty, lonely, or worried.
Answer: Symptoms
Internalizing problems are problems that affect a person's ________ world.
Internalizing problems are problems that affect a person's ________ world.
Answer: Internal
Internalizing problems tend to ____ ________, are more common in _________, and are associated with experiencing ________.
Internalizing problems tend to ____ ________, are more common in _________, and are associated with experiencing ________.
Answer: go together; females; distress
A person who is depressed is also more likely to have a ________ disorder.
A person who is depressed is also more likely to have a ________ disorder.
Answer: anxiety
Externalizing problems are ______-________ behaviors and/or _________ behaviors.
Externalizing problems are ______-________ behaviors and/or _________ behaviors.
Answer: Risk-taking; problem
The _____________ route is not a portal route of entry of a pathogen per se, but rather a way of circumventing the usual portals.
The _____________ route is not a portal route of entry of a pathogen per se, but rather a way of circumventing the usual portals.
Answer: parenteral
The study of the cause of the and where disease occur is known as ___________.
The study of the cause of the and where disease occur is known as ___________.
Answer: epidemiology
In 2% of pregnancies, pathogens cross the _______ and infect the embryo or fetus.
In 2% of pregnancies, pathogens cross the _______ and infect the embryo or fetus.
Answer: placenta
The study of the cause of disease is known as ______________.
The study of the cause of disease is known as ______________.
Answer: etiology
The hepatitis C virus normally establishes a(n) ___________ infection and may be asymptomatic for a decade.
The hepatitis C virus normally establishes a(n) ___________ infection and may be asymptomatic for a decade.
Answer: latent
Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of ______ contact transmission.
Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of ______ contact transmission.
Answer: indirect
_______ not only transmit pathogens, but also serve as hosts for the multiplication of the pathogen during some phase pf the pathogens life cycle.
_______ not only transmit pathogens, but also serve as hosts for the multiplication of the pathogen during some phase pf the pathogens life cycle.
Answer: biological vectors
The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater. As a consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve ___________ reservoirs.
The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater. As a consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve ___________ reservoirs.
Answer: non-living
The _________ period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease.
The _________ period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease.
Answer: incubation
Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system. This situation is an example of ____________.
Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system. This situation is an example of ____________.
Answer: commensalism
_______ is an endotoxin that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation.
_______ is an endotoxin that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation.
Answer: lipid A
Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are known as ___________.
Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are known as ___________.
Answer: zoonoses
________ interfere with the nerve functions of the host
________ interfere with the nerve functions of the host
Answer: neurotoxins
Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as
Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as
Answer: axenic
E. Coli in the colon is an example of ______________
E. Coli in the colon is an example of ______________
Answer: resident microbiota
_________ are toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
_________ are toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
Answer: enterotoxins
An animal virus that does not have an envelope is described as a(n) ________ virion.
An animal virus that does not have an envelope is described as a(n) ________ virion.
Answer: naked
Three ________ represent the highest level of taxonomic rank used in classifying viruses.
Three ________ represent the highest level of taxonomic rank used in classifying viruses.
Answer: orders
A(n) __________ is a clear zone on a bacterial lawn where cells have been killed by the activity of a bacteriophage.
A(n) __________ is a clear zone on a bacterial lawn where cells have been killed by the activity of a bacteriophage.
Answer: plaque
__________, genes that play a role in a proper cell division, may also play a role in some types of cancer.
__________, genes that play a role in a proper cell division, may also play a role in some types of cancer.
Answer: protooncogens
In enveloped viruses, virus-encoded ___________ proteins are required for the assembly of the envelope around the capsid.
In enveloped viruses, virus-encoded ___________ proteins are required for the assembly of the envelope around the capsid.
Answer: matrix
RNA viruses such as HIV require the activity of ________ to become proviruses.
RNA viruses such as HIV require the activity of ________ to become proviruses.
Answer: reverse transcriptase
________ RNA is viral single-stranded RNA that can act directly as mRNA.
________ RNA is viral single-stranded RNA that can act directly as mRNA.
Answer: positive strand
________ is the process in which viral capsids are removed within the infected cell.
________ is the process in which viral capsids are removed within the infected cell.
Answer: uncoating
Another term for a lysogenic phage is a ___________ phage.
Another term for a lysogenic phage is a ___________ phage.
Answer: temperate
The number of new bacteriophages released from each infected cell is called the _____________.
The number of new bacteriophages released from each infected cell is called the _____________.
Answer: burst size
Bacteriophages use the enzyme __________ to breach the bacterial cell wall.
Bacteriophages use the enzyme __________ to breach the bacterial cell wall.
Answer: lysozyme
Viral capsids are composed of subunits called __________.
Viral capsids are composed of subunits called __________.
Answer: capsomeres
The combination of a virus's protein coat and nucleic acid core is called the ____________.
The combination of a virus's protein coat and nucleic acid core is called the ____________.
Answer: nucleocapsid
Ticks, lice, and mosquitoes often serve as _______ by carrying and transmitting pathogenic microbes.
Ticks, lice, and mosquitoes often serve as _______ by carrying and transmitting pathogenic microbes.
Answer: vectors
Multicellular algae often reproduce sexually by means of haploid and diploid individuals in a process called ____________.
Multicellular algae often reproduce sexually by means of haploid and diploid individuals in a process called ____________.
Answer: alternation of generations
_________ is the study of algae.
_________ is the study of algae.
Answer: phycology
The ____________ are modified hyphae that allow fungi to derive nutrients from other living organisms.
The ____________ are modified hyphae that allow fungi to derive nutrients from other living organisms.
Answer: haustoria
Organisms such as fungi that absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called ________.
Organisms such as fungi that absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called ________.
Answer: saprobes
Fungi and insects both use the nitrogenous polysaccharide ________ as a protective molecule in their outer surfaces.
Fungi and insects both use the nitrogenous polysaccharide ________ as a protective molecule in their outer surfaces.
Answer: chitin
The _________ are protozoa that move and feed by the use of pseudopodia.
The _________ are protozoa that move and feed by the use of pseudopodia.
Answer: amoebae
Some protozoa protect themselves from the adverse effects of osmosis by the use of ________ to pump out excess water.
Some protozoa protect themselves from the adverse effects of osmosis by the use of ________ to pump out excess water.
Answer: contractile vacuoles
The fever and chills associated with malaria are due to the release of uninucleate daughter cells of Plasmodium called _____________.
The fever and chills associated with malaria are due to the release of uninucleate daughter cells of Plasmodium called _____________.
Answer: merozoites
Burkholderia is a common opportunistic pathogen of patients with __________.
Burkholderia is a common opportunistic pathogen of patients with __________.
Answer: cystic fibrosis
The infective stage of chlamydia is called the __________.
The infective stage of chlamydia is called the __________.
Answer: elementary body
The ____________ are a group of Gram-negative bacteria that include obligate anaerobes normally found in the intestinal tracts of animals and humans.
The ____________ are a group of Gram-negative bacteria that include obligate anaerobes normally found in the intestinal tracts of animals and humans.
Answer: bacteroids
Plant tumors caused by Agrobacterium infections are called ___________.
Plant tumors caused by Agrobacterium infections are called ___________.
Answer: galls
Slow-growing bacteria in the genus __________ are able to withstand long exposure to air because of the presence of mycolic acid in their cell wall structure.
Slow-growing bacteria in the genus __________ are able to withstand long exposure to air because of the presence of mycolic acid in their cell wall structure.
Answer: mycobacterium
The reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia is called _____________.
The reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia is called _____________.
Answer: nitrogen fixation
The __________ are unusual structures associated with the alphaproteobacteria and consist of an extension of the cytoplasm surrounded by the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall.
The __________ are unusual structures associated with the alphaproteobacteria and consist of an extension of the cytoplasm surrounded by the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall.
Answer: prosthecae
The genus of pathogenic cocci responsible for a wide range of human disease and whose members grow in chains is ______________.
The genus of pathogenic cocci responsible for a wide range of human disease and whose members grow in chains is ______________.
Answer: streptococcus
The __________ are a group of Gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments resembling those of fungi.
The __________ are a group of Gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments resembling those of fungi.
Answer: actinomycetes
A genetic determination used in classifying the different taxa of Gram-positive bacteria is the ___________ ratio.
A genetic determination used in classifying the different taxa of Gram-positive bacteria is the ___________ ratio.
Answer: G + C
The _____________ are regular clusters of cocci that resemble a square.
The _____________ are regular clusters of cocci that resemble a square.
Answer: tetrads
Thick-walled spores produced by some species of cyanobacteria are called _______________.
Thick-walled spores produced by some species of cyanobacteria are called _______________.
Answer: akinetes
The ___________ are bacteria that use chlorophyll a and engage in oxygenic photosynthesis, just like plants and algae.
The ___________ are bacteria that use chlorophyll a and engage in oxygenic photosynthesis, just like plants and algae.
Answer: cyanobacteria
The ___________ are bacteria that can colonize and spoil meats preserved with high concentrations of salt.
The ___________ are bacteria that can colonize and spoil meats preserved with high concentrations of salt.
Answer: halophiles
A bacterial cell that produces an endospore is called a(n) _________ cell.
A bacterial cell that produces an endospore is called a(n) _________ cell.
Answer: vegetative
Failure of the thymus to develop results in ________.
Failure of the thymus to develop results in ________.
Answer: DiGeorge syndrome
Immunological attack on the islets of Langerhans resulting in the inability to produce insulin leads to ______.
Immunological attack on the islets of Langerhans resulting in the inability to produce insulin leads to ______.
Answer: type I diabetes mellitus
Grave's disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the ____________.
Grave's disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the ____________.
Answer: thyroid gland
A graft that is from one identical twin to another is a(n) _________.
A graft that is from one identical twin to another is a(n) _________.
Answer: isograft
One feature of hemolytic disease of the newborn is excessive ________, which leads to jaundice in the newborn.
One feature of hemolytic disease of the newborn is excessive ________, which leads to jaundice in the newborn.
Answer: bilirubin
When the donor's blood group antigens stimulate the production of antibodies in the recipient, ________ reactions occur.
When the donor's blood group antigens stimulate the production of antibodies in the recipient, ________ reactions occur.
Answer: transfusion
Stress may result in the production of __________, which may lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease.
Stress may result in the production of __________, which may lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease.
Answer: glucocorticoids
When the release of chemicals in an allergic reaction exceeds the body's ability to adjust, a life-threatening condition called __________ may occur.
When the release of chemicals in an allergic reaction exceeds the body's ability to adjust, a life-threatening condition called __________ may occur.
Answer: anaphylaxis
The ______ released in an immediate hypersensitivity reactions leads to the destruction of nearby cells and the activation of the complement system.
The ______ released in an immediate hypersensitivity reactions leads to the destruction of nearby cells and the activation of the complement system.
Answer: proteases
Binding of IgE to the surface of sensitized cells leads to ________ of the cell, releasing many inflammatory chemicals.
Binding of IgE to the surface of sensitized cells leads to ________ of the cell, releasing many inflammatory chemicals.
Answer: degranulation
Type I hypersensitivity reactions are also commonly known as ____________.
Type I hypersensitivity reactions are also commonly known as ____________.
Answer: allergies
In cases of anaphylactic shock, ___________ should be administered.
In cases of anaphylactic shock, ___________ should be administered.
Answer: epinephrine
Although antibodies to nucleic acids are characteristic of _________, many other autoantibodies are produced.
Although antibodies to nucleic acids are characteristic of _________, many other autoantibodies are produced.
Answer: systemic lupus erythematosus
_______ is a type III hypersensitivity reaction that results when B cells produce autoantibodies that damage the cartilage in the joints.
_______ is a type III hypersensitivity reaction that results when B cells produce autoantibodies that damage the cartilage in the joints.
Answer: rheumatoid arthritis
When bone marrow is transplanted, the donated bone marrow cells regard the patient's cells as foreign, a condition referred to as ________ disease.
When bone marrow is transplanted, the donated bone marrow cells regard the patient's cells as foreign, a condition referred to as ________ disease.
Answer: graft-versus-host disease
One way to measure the antibody levels in the blood is by _____________ using agglutination tests.
One way to measure the antibody levels in the blood is by _____________ using agglutination tests.
Answer: titration
The Ouchterlony test is a(n) _____________ test.
The Ouchterlony test is a(n) _____________ test.
Answer: double immunodiffusion
______ are used to treat snakebites.
______ are used to treat snakebites.
Answer: antivenins
Antisera directed against toxins are known as ________.
Antisera directed against toxins are known as ________.
Answer: antitoxins
The fusion of antibody-producing plasma cells with cancerous cells produces ________ that divide continuously.
The fusion of antibody-producing plasma cells with cancerous cells produces ________ that divide continuously.
Answer: hybridomas
A(n) _________ assay uses antibodies bound on the surface of a membrane filter to detect antigens.
A(n) _________ assay uses antibodies bound on the surface of a membrane filter to detect antigens.
Answer: immunofiltration
Modern vaccine technology can involve inserting the DNA encoding the pathogen's antigen(s) into a(n) ________ and injecting it into an individual.
Modern vaccine technology can involve inserting the DNA encoding the pathogen's antigen(s) into a(n) ________ and injecting it into an individual.
Answer: plasmid vector
_______ are chemically or thermally modified toxins that are used for vaccination.
_______ are chemically or thermally modified toxins that are used for vaccination.
Answer: toxoids
A microbe antigenically similar to a human pathogen but incapable of causing disease in humans is a good candidate for use as a(n) _____________ vaccine.
A microbe antigenically similar to a human pathogen but incapable of causing disease in humans is a good candidate for use as a(n) _____________ vaccine.
Answer: live attenuated
Materials that are added to a vaccine to increase the effective antigenicity are known as _______.
Materials that are added to a vaccine to increase the effective antigenicity are known as _______.
Answer: adjuvants
Immunization with ___________ vaccines result in primarily an antibody-mediated immune response.
Immunization with ___________ vaccines result in primarily an antibody-mediated immune response.
Answer: inactivated
When vaccines do not provide lifelong immunity, ____________ must be given to maintain protection.
When vaccines do not provide lifelong immunity, ____________ must be given to maintain protection.
Answer: boosters
Vaccines that contain attenuated microbes are also known as ________.
Vaccines that contain attenuated microbes are also known as ________.
Answer: modified live vaccines
Raising viruses for numerous generations can produce a(n) ______ form of the virus.
Raising viruses for numerous generations can produce a(n) ______ form of the virus.
Answer: attenuated
Deliberate infection of young children with particles of ground smallpox scabs from children who had survived mild cases of smallpox was known as ________.
Deliberate infection of young children with particles of ground smallpox scabs from children who had survived mild cases of smallpox was known as ________.
Answer: variolation
When a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell interact, a specialized contact called a(n) ________ forms between them.
When a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell interact, a specialized contact called a(n) ________ forms between them.
Answer: immunological synapse
A humoral immune response occurs when an APC binds to a(n) ___________ and releases IL-1.
A humoral immune response occurs when an APC binds to a(n) ___________ and releases IL-1.
Answer: Th2 lymphocyte
B lymphocytes can bind directly to large antigens with repeating polysaccharide subunits, such as a bacterial capsule that has antigenic determinants known as ________.
B lymphocytes can bind directly to large antigens with repeating polysaccharide subunits, such as a bacterial capsule that has antigenic determinants known as ________.
Answer: T-independent antigens
An APC presents antigen to an unactivated T lymphocyte on an MHC I molecule and secretes IL-12 at the same time. As a result, the T lymphocyte differentiates into a(n) ________ lymphocyte.
An APC presents antigen to an unactivated T lymphocyte on an MHC I molecule and secretes IL-12 at the same time. As a result, the T lymphocyte differentiates into a(n) ________ lymphocyte.
Answer: Th1
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include B cells, macrophages, and ________.
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include B cells, macrophages, and ________.
Answer: dendritic cells
A(n) ____________ detects the Fc region of an antibody bound to a cell and responsibilities by releasing perforin and granzyme.
A(n) ____________ detects the Fc region of an antibody bound to a cell and responsibilities by releasing perforin and granzyme.
Answer: natural killer lymphocyte
The surface of each B lymphocyte is covered with about 250,000 to 500,000 identical copies of __________.
The surface of each B lymphocyte is covered with about 250,000 to 500,000 identical copies of __________.
Answer: B cell receptors
TCRs only recognize antigens presented by APC; therefore, ________ molecules ultimately determine which epitopes elicit an immune response.
TCRs only recognize antigens presented by APC; therefore, ________ molecules ultimately determine which epitopes elicit an immune response.
Answer: MHC
The process of _______ removes lymphocytes that react to autoantigens.
The process of _______ removes lymphocytes that react to autoantigens.
Answer: clonal deletion
______ is required for helper T cells to bind antigen.
______ is required for helper T cells to bind antigen.
Answer: Antigen processing
Under normal conditions, _____________ takes place when a lymphocyte binds to an autoantigen.
Under normal conditions, _____________ takes place when a lymphocyte binds to an autoantigen.
Answer: apoptosis
The variable regions from the light and heavy chains of an antibody combine to form ________.
The variable regions from the light and heavy chains of an antibody combine to form ________.
Answer: antigen-binding sites
The body recognizes antigens by the three dimensional shapes of regions known as _______.
The body recognizes antigens by the three dimensional shapes of regions known as _______.
Answer: antigenic determinants
An antigen produced by a pathogen while living inside a cell is known as a(n) __________ antigen.
An antigen produced by a pathogen while living inside a cell is known as a(n) __________ antigen.
Answer: endogenous
The ability of the body to recognize its own antigens is called _____________.
The ability of the body to recognize its own antigens is called _____________.
Answer: self tolerance
Phagocytes release ________, which result in the production of fever.
Phagocytes release ________, which result in the production of fever.
Answer: pyrogens
A chemical reaction in which the product of each reaction becomes the enzyme that catalyzes the next reaction is known as a(n) ____________ reaction.
A chemical reaction in which the product of each reaction becomes the enzyme that catalyzes the next reaction is known as a(n) ____________ reaction.
Answer: cascade
Phagocytes kill a pathogen once it has been ingested, where as eosinophils and ________ can accomplish extracellular killing by secreting toxins.
Phagocytes kill a pathogen once it has been ingested, where as eosinophils and ________ can accomplish extracellular killing by secreting toxins.
Answer: natural killer lymphocytes
The redness and heat of acute inflammation are caused in part by the production of ________ during the formation of blood clots.
The redness and heat of acute inflammation are caused in part by the production of ________ during the formation of blood clots.
Answer: bradykinin
In the case of phagocytes, positive chemotaxis involves the use of ______ to move toward the microorganism.
In the case of phagocytes, positive chemotaxis involves the use of ______ to move toward the microorganism.
Answer: pseudopodia
The proportion of leukocytes, as determined by a _____________ , can serve as a sign of disease.
The proportion of leukocytes, as determined by a _____________ , can serve as a sign of disease.
Answer: differential white blood cell count
Neutrophils use their own ________ in the formation of NETs to trap bacteria.
Neutrophils use their own ________ in the formation of NETs to trap bacteria.
Answer: DNA
The process known as ______ allows neutrophils and eosinophils to squeeze between the cells lining the capillaries to attack invading microbes.
The process known as ______ allows neutrophils and eosinophils to squeeze between the cells lining the capillaries to attack invading microbes.
Answer: diapedesis
In a process called ______, blood stem cells located in the bone marrow produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.
In a process called ______, blood stem cells located in the bone marrow produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.
Answer: hematopoiesis
The normal microbiota compete with pathogens in a variety of ways to protect the body, creating a situation known as ______.
The normal microbiota compete with pathogens in a variety of ways to protect the body, creating a situation known as ______.
Answer: microbial antagonism
______ is an oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin surface to about pH 5 and is inhibitory to many bacteria.
______ is an oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin surface to about pH 5 and is inhibitory to many bacteria.
Answer: sebum
The ________ cells in the tracheal mucous membrane produce mucus.
The ________ cells in the tracheal mucous membrane produce mucus.
Answer: goblet cells
Sweat glands produce ________, which destroys the cell wall of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits present in the wall.
Sweat glands produce ________, which destroys the cell wall of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits present in the wall.
Answer: lysozyme
The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as ______.
The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as ______.
Answer: species resistance
___________ are antimicrobial peptides secreted by sweat glands.
___________ are antimicrobial peptides secreted by sweat glands.
Answer: Dermcidins
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